High Availability

This page will describe how to provide high availability (HA) for MAAS at both the rack controller level and the region controller level. See Concepts and terms for detailed information on what services are provided by each of those levels.

Rack controller HA

Although DHCP is handled at the rack controller level one should not worry about a second MAAS-managed DHCP service coming online and causing disruption. DHCP software is added intelligently when a new rack controller is installed and DHCP HA will become available as an option.

Install a second rack controller by reading Rack controller.

BMC HA

HA for BMC control (node power cycling) is provided out of the box once a second rack controller is present. MAAS will automatically identify which rack controller is responsible for a BMC and communication will be set up accordingly.

DHCP HA

DHCP HA affects node management (enlistment, commissioning and deployment). It enables a primary and a secondary DHCP instance to serve the same VLAN where all lease information is replicated between rack controllers. DHCP needs to be MAAS-managed in order for DHCP HA to work.

If DHCP is being enabled for the first time after a second rack controller is added then enable it according to Enabling DHCP.

However, if the initial rack controller already has DHCP enabled then a reconfiguration of DHCP is in order. Simply access the VLAN in question (via the 'Subnets' page) and choose action 'Reconfigure DHCP'. There you will see the second rack controller appearing in the 'Secondary controller' field. All you should have to do is press the 'Reconfigure DHCP' button:

reconfigure DHCP

The setup of rack controller HA is now complete.

Note: For HA purposes, DHCP provisioning will take into account multiple DNS services when there is more than one region controller on a single region.

Region controller HA

Implementing region controller HA involves setting up:

  • PostgreSQL HA
  • Secondary API server(s)
  • Virtual IP address

Load balancing is optional.

PostgreSQL HA

MAAS stores all state information in the PostgreSQL database. It is therefore recommended to run it in HA mode. Configuring HA for PostgreSQL is external to MAAS. You will therefore need to study the PostgreSQL documentation and implement the variant of HA that you feel most comfortable with.

A quick treatment of PostgreSQL HA: hot standby is provided here for convenience only. Its purpose is to give an idea of what's involved at the command line level when implementing one particular form of HA with PostgreSQL.

Secondary API server

This section assumes that PostgreSQL HA has been set up.

Note: Any number of API servers can be present as long as each connects to the same PostgreSQL database.

On the primary database host, edit file /etc/postgresql/9.5/main/pg_hba.conf to allow the eventual secondary API server to contact the primary PostgreSQL database. Include the below line, replacing $SECONDARY_API_SERVER_IP with the IP address of the host that will contain the secondary API server:

host    maasdb          maas    $SECONDARY_API_SERVER_IP/32         md5

Note: It is very common for the primary database server and the primary API server to reside on the same host.

Apply this change by restarting the database:

sudo systemctl restart postgresql

On a secondary host, add the new API server by installing a few carefully chosen packages:

sudo apt install maas-region-api maas-dns

The /etc/maas/regiond.conf file from the primary API server will be needed. Below, we assume it can be copied (scp) from the 'ubuntu' account home directory using password authentication (adjust otherwise). The local_config_set command will edit that file by pointing to the host that contains the primary PostgreSQL database. DNS (bind9) configuration options are also rationalized between bind9 itself and the same options within MAAS:

sudo systemctl stop maas-regiond
sudo scp ubuntu@$PRIMARY_API_SERVER:regiond.conf /etc/maas/regiond.conf
sudo chown root:maas /etc/maas/regiond.conf
sudo chmod 640 /etc/maas/regiond.conf
sudo maas-region local_config_set --database-host $PRIMARY_PG_SERVER
sudo maas-region edit_named_options
sudo systemctl restart bind9
sudo systemctl start maas-regiond

Check the log files for any errors:

  • /var/log/maas/regiond.log
  • /var/log/maas/maas.log
  • /var/log/syslog

Load balancing (optional)

Load balancing can be added with the HAProxy load balancer software.

On each API server host, before haproxy is installed, apache2 needs to be stopped (and disabled). This is because both apache2 and haproxy listen on the same port (TCP 80). Recall that Apache is only used to redirect port 80 to port 5240.

sudo systemctl stop apache2
sudo systemctl disable apache2
sudo apt install haproxy

Configure each API server's load balancer by copying the following into /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg (see the upstream configuration manual as a reference). Replace $PRIMARY_API_SERVER_IP and $SECONDARY_API_SERVER_IP with their respective IP addresses:

frontend maas
    bind    *:80
    retries 3
    option  redispatch
    option  http-server-close
    default_backend maas

backend maas
    timeout server 90s
    balance source
    hash-type consistent
    server localhost localhost:5240 check
    server maas-api-1 $PRIMARY_API_SERVER_IP:5240 check
    server maas-api-2 $SECONDARY_API_SERVER_IP:5240 check

Where maas-api-1 and maas-api-2 are arbitrary server labels.

Now restart the load balancer to have these changes take effect:

sudo systemctl restart haproxy

Virtual IP

A virtual IP (VIP) will be used as the effective IP address of all region API servers. This will be done with the aid of the Keepalived routing software.

On each API server host, install the software, load a kernel module, set it to load upon reboot and pass a kernel option:

sudo apt install keepalived
sudo modprobe ip_vs
echo 'ip_vs' | sudo tee -a /etc/modules
echo 'net.ipv4.ip_nonlocal_bind=1' | sudo tee /etc/sysctl.d/60-keepalived-nonlocal.conf 
sudo systemctl restart procps

Create the file /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf (see the keepalived.conf man page as a reference) based on the example below. Either apache2 or haproxy will be referred to, depending on whether load balancing (haproxy) was implemented or not (see previous section).

The following variables are used:

  • INTERFACE: The network interface (e.g. eth0) from which the API server can be reached by MAAS clients.
  • PASSWORD: Participating servers authenticate with one another using this chosen password in order to synchronize. This example uses a cleartext password (auth_type PASS).
  • VIP: The virtual IP. This is any IP address available on the subnet.
  • PRIORITY: An integer (1-255) that indicates a preference for the corresponding API server to claim the VIP. A larger value indicates a greater preference. For example, the preferred primary could have 150 while the preferred secondary could have 100.

Their values are represented when they are preceded with the '$' character (e.g. $VIP). These are to be replaced with actual values in the file.

### Un-comment next 4 lines if using haproxy
#vrrp_script chk_haproxy {
#    script "killall -0 haproxy"
#    interval 2
#}

### Un-comment next 4 lines if using apache2
#vrrp_script chk_apache2 {
#    script "killall -0 apache2"
#    interval 2
#}

vrrp_script chk_named {
    script "killall -0 named"
    interval 2
}

vrrp_instance maas_region {
    state MASTER
    interface $INTERFACE
    priority $PRIORITY
    virtual_router_id 51
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass $PASSWORD
    }
    track_script {
        ### Un-comment next line if using haproxy
        #chk_haproxy
        ### Un-comment next line if using apache2
        #chk_apache2
        chk_named
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        $VIP
    }
}

Restart the daemon to have these changes take effect:

sudo systemctl restart keepalived

Note: If this is being done inside a container, its host needs the ip_vs module loaded and the sysctl change. A restart of the container will then be required.

Finally, for all API servers, replace the original IP address in the MAAS URL with that of the VIP. Then inform all rack controllers of that change.

To adjust an API server: 

sudo maas-region local_config_set --maas-url http://$VIP/MAAS
sudo systemctl restart maas-regiond

To adjust a rack controller:

sudo maas-rack config --region-url http://$VIP/MAAS
sudo systemctl restart maas-rackd

The configuration of region controller HA is now complete.

The API server(s) must be now be referenced (e.g. web UI, MAAS CLI) using port 80 (as opposed to port 5240).

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